The Government's Commission for Integrated Transport says free parking is "distorting the market" because local shops can't compete.

It says out-of-town centres should charge for parking and use the revenue generated on improved bus services and boosting pedestrian and cycle access.

Commission member Helen Holland told The Times:

"Introducing parking fees at retail parks would make people think twice about getting in the car and driving out of town.

"We want to see local authorities, retailers and transport operators taking the right decisions to support the high street. Out-of-town shopping centres surrounded by gridlocked streets and irate shoppers will not help anyone - least of all the retailers."